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This module documents the main interface with the OpenID consumer
library. The only part of the library which has to be used and isn't
documented in full here is the store required to create an
C{L{Consumer}} instance. More on the abstract store type and
concrete implementations of it that are provided in the documentation
for the C{L{__init__<Consumer.__init__>}} method of the
C{L{Consumer}} class.
OVERVIEW
========
The OpenID identity verification process most commonly uses the
following steps, as visible to the user of this library:
1. The user enters their OpenID into a field on the consumer's
site, and hits a login button.
2. The consumer site discovers the user's OpenID provider using
the Yadis protocol.
3. The consumer site sends the browser a redirect to the
OpenID provider. This is the authentication request as
described in the OpenID specification.
4. The OpenID provider's site sends the browser a redirect
back to the consumer site. This redirect contains the
provider's response to the authentication request.
The most important part of the flow to note is the consumer's site
must handle two separate HTTP requests in order to perform the
full identity check.
LIBRARY DESIGN
==============
This consumer library is designed with that flow in mind. The
goal is to make it as easy as possible to perform the above steps
securely.
At a high level, there are two important parts in the consumer
library. The first important part is this module, which contains
the interface to actually use this library. The second is the
C{L{openid.store.interface}} module, which describes the
interface to use if you need to create a custom method for storing
the state this library needs to maintain between requests.
In general, the second part is less important for users of the
library to know about, as several implementations are provided
which cover a wide variety of situations in which consumers may
use the library.
This module contains a class, C{L{Consumer}}, with methods
corresponding to the actions necessary in each of steps 2, 3, and
4 described in the overview. Use of this library should be as easy
as creating an C{L{Consumer}} instance and calling the methods
appropriate for the action the site wants to take.
SESSIONS, STORES, AND STATELESS MODE
====================================
The C{L{Consumer}} object keeps track of two types of state:
1. State of the user's current authentication attempt. Things like
the identity URL, the list of endpoints discovered for that
URL, and in case where some endpoints are unreachable, the list
of endpoints already tried. This state needs to be held from
Consumer.begin() to Consumer.complete(), but it is only applicable
to a single session with a single user agent, and at the end of
the authentication process (i.e. when an OP replies with either
C{id_res} or C{cancel}) it may be discarded.
2. State of relationships with servers, i.e. shared secrets
(associations) with servers and nonces seen on signed messages.
This information should persist from one session to the next and
should not be bound to a particular user-agent.
These two types of storage are reflected in the first two arguments of
Consumer's constructor, C{session} and C{store}. C{session} is a
dict-like object and we hope your web framework provides you with one
of these bound to the user agent. C{store} is an instance of
L{openid.store.interface.OpenIDStore}.
Since the store does hold secrets shared between your application and the
OpenID provider, you should be careful about how you use it in a shared
hosting environment. If the filesystem or database permissions of your
web host allow strangers to read from them, do not store your data there!
If you have no safe place to store your data, construct your consumer
with C{None} for the store, and it will operate only in stateless mode.
Stateless mode may be slower, put more load on the OpenID provider, and
trusts the provider to keep you safe from replay attacks.
Several store implementation are provided, and the interface is
fully documented so that custom stores can be used as well. See
the documentation for the C{L{Consumer}} class for more
information on the interface for stores. The implementations that
are provided allow the consumer site to store the necessary data
in several different ways, including several SQL databases and
normal files on disk.
IMMEDIATE MODE
==============
In the flow described above, the user may need to confirm to the
OpenID provider that it's ok to disclose his or her identity.
The provider may draw pages asking for information from the user
before it redirects the browser back to the consumer's site. This
is generally transparent to the consumer site, so it is typically
ignored as an implementation detail.
There can be times, however, where the consumer site wants to get
a response immediately. When this is the case, the consumer can
put the library in immediate mode. In immediate mode, there is an
extra response possible from the server, which is essentially the
server reporting that it doesn't have enough information to answer
the question yet.
USING THIS LIBRARY
==================
Integrating this library into an application is usually a
relatively straightforward process. The process should basically
follow this plan:
Add an OpenID login field somewhere on your site. When an OpenID
is entered in that field and the form is submitted, it should make
a request to your site which includes that OpenID URL.
First, the application should L{instantiate a Consumer<Consumer.__init__>}
with a session for per-user state and store for shared state.
using the store of choice.
Next, the application should call the 'C{L{begin<Consumer.begin>}}' method on the
C{L{Consumer}} instance. This method takes the OpenID URL. The
C{L{begin<Consumer.begin>}} method returns an C{L{AuthRequest}}
object.
Next, the application should call the
C{L{redirectURL<AuthRequest.redirectURL>}} method on the
C{L{AuthRequest}} object. The parameter C{return_to} is the URL
that the OpenID server will send the user back to after attempting
to verify his or her identity. The C{realm} parameter is the
URL (or URL pattern) that identifies your web site to the user
when he or she is authorizing it. Send a redirect to the
resulting URL to the user's browser.
That's the first half of the authentication process. The second
half of the process is done after the user's OpenID Provider sends the
user's browser a redirect back to your site to complete their
login.
When that happens, the user will contact your site at the URL
given as the C{return_to} URL to the
C{L{redirectURL<AuthRequest.redirectURL>}} call made
above. The request will have several query parameters added to
the URL by the OpenID provider as the information necessary to
finish the request.
Get a C{L{Consumer}} instance with the same session and store as
before and call its C{L{complete<Consumer.complete>}} method,
passing in all the received query arguments.
There are multiple possible return types possible from that
method. These indicate whether or not the login was successful,
and include any additional information appropriate for their type.
@var SUCCESS: constant used as the status for
L{SuccessResponse<openid.consumer.consumer.SuccessResponse>} objects.
@var FAILURE: constant used as the status for
L{FailureResponse<openid.consumer.consumer.FailureResponse>} objects.
@var CANCEL: constant used as the status for
L{CancelResponse<openid.consumer.consumer.CancelResponse>} objects.
@var SETUP_NEEDED: constant used as the status for
L{SetupNeededResponse<openid.consumer.consumer.SetupNeededResponse>}
objects.
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does session management.
@ivar consumer: an instance of an object implementing the OpenID
protocol, but doing no discovery or session management.
@type consumer: GenericConsumer
@ivar session: A dictionary-like object representing the user's
session data. This is used for keeping state of the OpenID
transaction when the user is redirected to the server.
@cvar session_key_prefix: A string that is prepended to session
keys to ensure that they are unique. This variable may be
changed to suit your application.
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last_tokenNc �n � || _ |�t } ||� � | _ | j | j z | _ dS )ax Initialize a Consumer instance.
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@param session: See L{the session instance variable<openid.consumer.consumer.Consumer.session>}
@param store: an object that implements the interface in
C{L{openid.store.interface.OpenIDStore}}. Several
implementations are provided, to cover common database
environments.
@type store: C{L{openid.store.interface.OpenIDStore}}
@see: L{openid.store.interface}
@see: L{openid.store}
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